Epistemology Is A Better Choice Over Traditional Epistemology

Epistemology can be split into two areas: one being traditional epistemology and the other being naturalized epistemology. The distinction between the two forms of epistemology is that traditional epistemologists accept what they think they know whereas natural epistemologists put what they think they know to empirical tests. The connotation of ‘empirical’ in this context refers to the methodologies of natural science; specifically, putting theories that we believe to know to scientific experimentation to find out if the theory is true. In this essay, I will establish the reasons why naturalized epistemology is a better choice over traditional epistemology. First, I will establish why traditional epistemology can be a potentially viable†¦show more content†¦A paradigm-shift is where a set of theoretical principles is replaced by another, for example: Special Relativity replaced Newtonian Mechanics. The problem with this is that theoretical paradigms have no common basis; hence, paradigm-shifts cannot work. Special Relativity and Newtonian Mechanics may seem to have the same theoretical meaning, but they do not because the terms of ‘mass’, ‘force’, and ‘duration’ all have a different meaning to different scientists. Science, in Kuhn’s opinion and from what is gathered on theoretical paradigms, does not provide concrete, epistemic, nor empirical assumptions. It does not work best empirically because matters dealing with science must happen with theoretical paradigms, where effectiveness is a problem. Epistemic thought executed in an empirical manner is better known as naturalized epis temology. Although, traditional epistemology, or sometimes referred to as normative epistemology, can help us further our understanding of philosophy. Jaegwon Kim expounds on this type of epistemology in his work, What is â€Å"Naturalized Epistemology†?, in which he states â€Å"that justification is a central concept of our epistemological tradition, that justification, as it is understood in this tradition, is a normative concept, and in consequence that epistemology itself is a normative inquiry whose principal aim is a systematic study of the conditions of justified belief† (Kim, 539). Epistemology can be

The Effects Of Autism Spectrum Disorder On Children

According to Australian Bureau of Statistic in 2012, about 46% of autistic children in teenage age told their parents they were victimised at school. Unemployment rates for individuals with ASD are around 65% in comparison to the whole population with only 6%. A 5 years old Indonesian boy, Adi Sutanto, was born with autism. Recently, at his age, he still cannot speak even a word, and he is acting like 2-year-old child. Adi has limited ability where people are only able to comprehend his thought-process through his movements and actions. More than that, due to his slow mental development, this has affected some physical problems to him, where he is not able to use his legs to walk like normal kids. Some of his relatives felt embarrassed to have him in the family. Devastatingly, he was even bullied by his kindergarden teachers, as he is different to others. In his case, how he could take part in social activities to cope with other children? Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is known as a complex developmental disability caused by brain abnormality. People with autism have issues with non-verbal communication, a wide range of social interactions ad activities that include and social activities. Moreover, autism is a life long developmental condition that affects, among other things, the way an individual relates to his or her environment and their interaction with other people. . Children with ASD engage in repetitive movements such as twirling and rocking, or inShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Autism Spectrum Disorder On Children1351 Words   |  6 PagesMany children have to live their entire lives under the shadow of a disorder that entirely alters the typical life of a person. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a common neurobehavioral disorder that is caused during prenatal development. This specific disorder affects 1 in 68 children in Canada and is increasing every single year. â€Å"More children will be diagnosed with autism this year than with AIDS, diabetes, and cancer combined† (KenCrest). Children who are affected often don’t get diagnosed untilRead MoreThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesFrom 1997 to about 2007 the number of children with autism spectrum disorder has increase from 42,517 to about 258,305 and has risen since (Reschke-Hernà ¡ndez, 2011). With this rise of c hildren who have autism, the rise of music therapy has since appeared greatly. When music therapy was first documented, the music was used in both group and individual settings. It was used with those who lacked social skills, those who needed rehabilitation, for self-expression, for psychological improvement and alsoRead MoreThe Effects Of Perceptual Motor Training On Attention On Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder1198 Words   |  5 PagesIn the world 1 in 68 U.S. kids will be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. The author Javad Afshari persuades the audience to see the effect of perceptual motor training on attention in children with autism spectrum disorders. Afshari would like to prove that perceptual motor training has a significant effect on children with autism specifically with attention issues. In the article it gave an introduction to autism and how children experience a change in attention from one stimulus to anotherRead MoreAutism Spectrum1147 Words   |à ‚  5 Pagespertaining to autism is very broad and includes more than just autism itself. A child with an autistic disorder is hard to identify because autism is not easily seen. Autism is more of a mental and social disorder; it doesn’t really have anything to do with a physical outlook. The autism disorder doesn’t only deal with autism; there are five other primary disorders involved with autism. When screening a child for autism, they will find out if any other disorders should be diagnosed. Screening children forRead MoreTherapies For Autistic Children.Individuals Take For Granted1678 Words   |  7 PagesTherapies for Autistic Children Individuals take for granted the luxury of embodying qualities such as communication, interaction, and social and motor skills. Although, individuals may determine the aforementioned skills are more difficult to obtain because of a disability. Autism or autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that effects many children in the United States of America. Communication, interaction, and motor and social skills are usually effected in the autistic child. Read MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pages1943 a child psychiatrist named Leo Kanner wrote about a group of children who were apathetic to their family members and made odd and repetitive movements. A year later, Hans Asperger observed similar behavior in another group of children, also noting a lack of understanding of social conventions (Lai, 2014). These two observations would be the beginning of a disorder known as the Autism Spectrum Disorder. This developmental disorder, characterized by a range of deficits in different areas, is increasinglyRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesand effects or the diseases. One of the most widely known abnormal disorders is Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is a complicated disorder because it represents a wide range of developmental disorders categorized by criteria such as: impaired social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication breakdowns, and repetitive behaviors. Since Autism Spectrum Disorder is on a spectrum, as the name suggests, there are individuals with mild to little symptoms classified by Autism Spectrum Disorder andRead MoreWhat Do We Know About Autism Spectrum Disorder?1390 Words   |  6 PagesAbout Autism Spectrum Disorder? Actress Holly Robinson Peete once stated, â€Å"I m not a doctor or scientist. I m just a mom. But I do think there s a genetic predisposition, and there are environmental triggers. I feel like that combination, in my child s case, is what resulted in autism.† Holly Robinson could have not said it in a better way. What is the cause of autism? Is autism solely caused by genetics or a combination of genetics and environmental influences? What does make up autism spectrumRead MoreTreatment Options Used for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1440 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. The term ASD includes three major subtypes which is Autism Spectrum Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder. About 9.0 in 1000 children have ASD and certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life. The probability of boys being diagnosed is higher compared to girls (Bravaccio et al. 2013)Read MoreTreating Autism Spectrum Disorders1025 Words   |  5 PagesAutism spectrum disorders are a class of developmental brain disorders with symptoms that range widely with each affected individual. Autism is a disorder that varies in severity of social interaction and communication that can benefit from the help of different types of treatment. Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, autism, pervasive development disorder, and non pervasive developmental disorder are disorders on the autism spectrum with differing levels of intensity. Treatments for autism include The Effects Of Autism Spectrum Disorder On Children Many children have to live their entire lives under the shadow of a disorder that entirely alters the typical life of a person. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a common neurobehavioral disorder that is caused during prenatal development. This specific disorder affects 1 in 68 children in Canada and is increasing every single year. â€Å"More children will be diagnosed with autism this year than with AIDS, diabetes, and cancer combined† (KenCrest). Children who are affected often don’t get diagnosed until the late years of elementary school; Parents, caregivers, and teachers need to know how to recognise Autism so affected children can get the help they require as soon as possible. There are many environmental factors that can contribute to Autism during the prenatal development. Although many can be avoided, some factors are non-avoidable. Assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral neurosciences at McMaster University, Stelios Georgiades (n.d.) states that â€Å"Because autism runs in families, researchers saw autism as almost entirely genetic. The old thinking was that heritability accounted for up to 90 percent of all cases. A comprehensive study of twins with autism showed that environmental factors also play an important role in driving autism recurrence in families. By environment, researchers mean anything non-genetic. This study highlighted the reality that even though autism runs in families, we can’t assume that it’s entirely inherited†. During the prenatal development,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Autism Spectrum Disorder On Children918 Words   |  4 Pages According to Australian Bureau of Statistic in 2012, about 46% of autistic children in teenage age told their parents they were victimised at school. Unemployment rates for individuals with ASD are around 65% in comparison to the whole population with only 6%. A 5 years old Indonesian boy, Adi Sutanto, was born with autism. Recently, at his age, he still cannot speak even a word, and he is acting like 2-year-old child. Adi has limited ability where people are only able to comprehend his thought-processRead MoreThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesFrom 1997 to about 2007 the number of children with autism spectrum disorder has increase from 42,517 to about 258,305 and has risen since (Reschke-Hernà ¡ndez, 2011). With this rise of children who have autism, the rise of music therapy has since appeared greatly. When music therapy was first documented, the music was used in both group and individual settings. It was used with those who lacked social skills, those who needed rehabilitation, for self-expression, for psychological improvement and alsoRead MoreThe Effects Of Perceptual Motor Training On Attention On Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder1198 Words   |  5 PagesI n the world 1 in 68 U.S. kids will be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. The author Javad Afshari persuades the audience to see the effect of perceptual motor training on attention in children with autism spectrum disorders. Afshari would like to prove that perceptual motor training has a significant effect on children with autism specifically with attention issues. In the article it gave an introduction to autism and how children experience a change in attention from one stimulus to anotherRead MoreAutism Spectrum1147 Words   |  5 Pagespertaining to autism is very broad and includes more than just autism itself. A child with an autistic disorder is hard to identify because autism is not easily seen. Autism is more of a mental and social disorder; it doesn’t really have anything to do with a physical outlook. The autism disorder doesn’t only deal with autism; there are five other primary disorders involved with autism. When screening a child for autism, th ey will find out if any other disorders should be diagnosed. Screening children forRead MoreTherapies For Autistic Children.Individuals Take For Granted1678 Words   |  7 PagesTherapies for Autistic Children Individuals take for granted the luxury of embodying qualities such as communication, interaction, and social and motor skills. Although, individuals may determine the aforementioned skills are more difficult to obtain because of a disability. Autism or autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that effects many children in the United States of America. Communication, interaction, and motor and social skills are usually effected in the autistic child. Read MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pages1943 a child psychiatrist named Leo Kanner wrote about a group of children who were apathetic to their family members and made odd and repetitive movements. A year later, Hans Asperger observed similar behavior in another group of children, also noting a lack of understanding of social conventions (Lai, 2014). These two observations would be the beginning of a disorder known as the Autism Spectrum Disorder. This developmental disorder, characterized by a range of deficits in different areas, is increasinglyRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesand effects or the diseases. One of the most widely known abnormal disorders is Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is a complicated disorder because it represents a wide range of developmental disorders categorized by criteria such as: impaired social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication breakdowns, and repetitive behaviors. Since Autism Spectrum Disorder is on a spectrum, as the name suggests, there are individuals with mild to little symptoms classified by Autism Spectrum Disorder andRead MoreWhat Do We Know About Autism Spectrum Disorder?1390 Words   |  6 PagesAbout Autism Spectrum Disorder? Actress Holly Robinson Peete once stated, â€Å"I m not a doctor or scientist. I m just a mom. But I do think there s a genetic predisposition, and there are environmental triggers. I feel like that combination, in my child s case, is what resulted in autism.† Holly Robinson could have not said it in a better way. What is the cause of autism? Is autism solely caused by genetics or a combination of genetics and environmental influences? What does make up autism spectrumRead MoreTreatment Options Used for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1440 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. The term ASD includes three major subtypes which is Autism Spectrum Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder. About 9.0 in 1000 children have ASD and certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life. The probability of boys being diagnosed is higher compared to girls (Bravaccio et al. 2013)Read MoreTreating Autism Spectrum Disorders1025 Words   |  5 PagesAutism spectrum disorders are a class of developmental brain disorders with symptoms that range widely with each affected individual. Autism is a disorder that varies in severity of social interaction and communication that can benefit from the help of different types of treatment. Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, autism, pervasive development disorder, and non pervasive developmental disorder are disorders on the autism spectrum with differing levels of intensity. Treatments for autism include

My 4 Year Journey in Sudan free essay sample

In the 7th grade I made a decision that stripped me of something valuable: a typical high school experience. Instead of spending 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th grade in the U.S., I traveled to Sudan. My grades from Junior year reflect my prolonged absence. However, I do not regret my decision to travel to Sudan, because I gained something invaluable: a first hand look into a culture and country like none I had ever experienced. It all began the moment I stepped off the plane into the warm dry air of Khartoum, Sudan. I stayed with my grandmother in a small neighborhood, where people knew each other well. The Sudanese teenagers I met were unaware that American movies did not depict normal American life. Sometimes, after a game of soccer, I would tell my new friends stories about America, or explain my previous daily routines. This allowed me to connect with the children, who began to realize that there were more similarities than differences between our lives. We will write a custom essay sample on My 4 Year Journey in Sudan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One thing that interests Sudanese kids about America is its music. Knowing English, to the Sudanese boys, meant knowing how to rap. Though I tried explaining that I couldnt rap, they continued to urge me. I ended up singing a couple of verses from â€Å"In Da Club,† by Fifty Cent, a song with which they were familiar. It ended with many cheers and laughter. My experiences were not all so enjoyable. One morning, while walking to school, I came across two boys sleeping beside the road. They were no more than eight years old, yet their malnourished bodies suggested an even younger age. The original colors of their disheveled clothes were no longer distinguishable, as though the clothes had been used to clean out a stove. Flies crawled along their parted lips; the sleeping boys could have been carcasses. Kneeling beside them I dropped my backpack to the dirt, and tried to shoo away the persistent flies. I cried. Things like this were ordinary in the streets of Sudan. I felt ashamed of my clean clothes and sunglasses, of the bed that awaited me in my room, and of the lunch I had in my backpack; these kids had nothing but each other for comfort. The next morning I revisited the spot where I first saw the sleeping boys, but they were gone. I once took life’s luxuries for granted, but after living in Sudan I learned to appreciate things I previously failed to notice. The good times I had with my friends created a bond between us that helped bridge cultural differences and my first hand experience with the orphans made me realize how oblivious I had been to the suffering of others. I wouldn’t trade this experience even if I had the chance to, because it has changed me into a mindful person. My experience in Sudan will be the most helpful asset I use to incorporate mindfulness and awareness in the experiences yet to come; the first of which is college.